DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPATHY

Evolution Of Current Medicine

Why was it in all the course we have covered so far not much had evolved bar Knowledge, and treatment was stationary and today we will see huge advancements. One reason is the increase in knowledge during the Industrial revolution. With greater industry more complex machines could be built for new operations.

1847 James Simpson uses Chloroform as an anaesthetic.
1848 First public Health Act
1859 First Official list of Doctors.
1864 Pasteur proves disease ass. with bacteria.
1875 Councils have to provide provisions for water, sewage and disposal.
1882 Koch finds T.B vaccine and Cholera.
1895 Aspirin replaces opium as main pain killer.
1902 Midwives registered to receive special training.

The discovery of Anaesthetics which were discovered by the quite unscientific medicine of sniff it and see, evolved from Humprey Davis in 1799 using Nitrous oxide (laughing Gas eased pain but patient conscience). Ether used by most people up to James Simpson Young who used Choloform.. Some doctors thought painless operations were staged or fixed. Some opposed on religious grounds that God meant us to suffer. But in 1853 the Queen had chloroform administered in her confinement( the birth of Leopold). If it was all right by the Queen it was all right for everyone.
Anyway this led to longer operations being able to be performed. But more chance of infection. In Glasgow in 1860 1/3 of all operative patients died from blood poisoning spread from there wounds. Dispite Pasteur most Doctors felt a poisonous mist in the air caused disease and patients thought the more dirty a surgeons coat was the more operations he had performed and the greater he would be.

Louis Pasteur 1822-95 was employed by the French Wine making industry to find out why there wine kept going bad. With the aid of a microscope he saw tiny microbes in the wine and discovered these germs disappeared when they were boiled. Hence “pasteurised”. Mostly Doctors thought germs grew from wounds "spontaneous generation" Pasteur showed they were around us at all times. This was vital to the development of antiseptic surgery. He also isolated many bacteria which caused particular diseases and as a result later science got "serums". Used to vaccinate. In 1881 developed a serum to prevent Rabies. In 1888 the Pasture Institute was built in his honour and one of his first pupils was Robert Koch, the bacteriologist. He isolated T.B anthrax Cholera germs and though did not discover cures for them made it easier for those that followed.

Paul Ehrlich joined Koch research team in Berlin in 1890. He dyed bacteria and saw what would seek them out. His research led him to believe in the antibodies that can kill bacteria. He called them Magic Bullets.
In 1865 Joseph Lister (professor of Surgery at Glasgow University) read Pasteurs theories and decided to do something about it. He tried many experiments and failed but eventually found if he wrapped bandages in Carbonic acid and wrapped the wound it would often not become infected.

1864-1866 treated 34 fractures 19 recovered and 15 died
1867-70 treated 40 fractures 34 recovered and 6 died.

By 1865 he insisted that bandages were only used once and doctors and surgeons washed there hands regularly. He also insisted silk threads used for sewing were washed in carbonic acid. He fought sepsis and hence was known as antiseptic surgery.

Lister was mocked as he constantly changed his ideas to improve but others thought he changed them because he was wrong. People often complained he took to long to wash all the bandages etc and hands.

Public Health 1800 -1900

Think about the advantages in Public health and compare them to the advances in science. Both have merit.major

By 1850, many advances had been made. Average life expectancy was 40 if born before the middle of the 19th century.

In 1842 Average age of death for a professional in a town was 38 and 52 in the country.

Tradesman or farmers in a town was 20 and 42 in the country.
Labourers in a town was 17 and in the country 38.

Major diseases were Cholera which killed 72000 in 1848-9,
T.B killed 50 - 60000 a year., small pox measles and diphtheria.
200 people may share one toilet at the end of a street.
By 1848 The first public Health act demanded any town should have a Public Health Board if the death rate was . 23 in 1000 or at least 1/10 of the rate payers demanded it. The board could set rates for proper drainage and sewage disposal and clean the streets.

1854 Chadwick and the Public Health Board set up 182 local Boards. Chadwick believed sewers and drainage would resolve all public Health issues. He used to be in charge of a workhouse where the poor would receive treatment for sickness. His ideas were taken into account for the first Health act. He convinced M.P`s he was right. John Simon continued Chadwicks work. 1875 was the New Health Act.
1854 Chadwicks board was closed down.
1855 Board of Health re set up with John Simon as its head.
1864 Factory act to guard against unhealthy conditions and ventilation
1866 Sanitary Act to stop landlords overcrowding and to remove health hazards.
1875 Public Health Act II allowed councils to pull down slums. Inspect food, Towns had to have Health and Sanitary Officers.
Note that in 1903 the average life expectency had risen to 74 in the UK.
In 1973 this had only risen by four years to 77.
In America today 1998 the average life expectancy in 73 (MNH USA)
Hospitals
A lot of Hospitals were opening in the 18th century
1740 London Hospital
1745 Middx Hospital
1814 London Chest Hospiatl
1828 Royal Free founded by William Marsden
1851 Royal Marsden Cancer Hospital
1852 Children`s Hospital in Great Ormand Street.

People were afraid to go into Hospital due to use of anaesthetic and hygiene. People had to pay to go to Hospital so poor went to work houses or Charity ones. As population grew so did need for doctors and rules occurred.
First Women doctor was from New York called Elizabeth Blackwell. In Britain she obtained a licence to practise from the society of Apothecaries in 1865.
She later founded the St. Marys dispensary. The next female doctor was not until 1892. She became dean of the London school of Medicine for women for twenty years.

Penicillin

The first of the Wonder Drugs so called because it killed of so many kinds of Bacteria. Alexandra Flemming discovered the drug by accident. He was growing some bacteria when he noticed some mould on his plate and that all around the mould the bacteria didn`t grow..

In 1942 penicillin was mass produced. The second world war in 1939 undoubtedly speeded this process up.

Chemotherapy is treatment of a disease using chemical substances. Ehrichs started this in 1910 with Salvarson 606 which could kill many bacteria at the same time, including syphilis.

Ivan Pavov did his experiments on dogs at this time. 1849 -1936
Homeopathy developed by Hahnemann (1755 1843)
Osteopathy 1874
Phrenology and Christian science also at this time.
New Drugs and Pills

1819 Iodine first used.
1820 Quinine used against Malaria
1885 Amyl Nitrate used for heart disease - angina
1898 Barbitine used as sedative - the first barbiturate
1899 Aspirin used in shops.
1910 Ehrlich discovers Salvarsen
1911 Vitimins proved to be in food.
1911-12 Banting and Best discover Insulin
1928 Flemming and Penicillin
1938 M&B 69s (May and Baker the British firm that produced it). It helps combat pneumonia, boils, meningitis scarlet fever and leprosy.
1942 U.S.A mass produce Penicillin
Useful Dates
1740 London Hospital
1745 Middx Hospital
1814 London Chest Hospital
1819 Iodine first used.
1820 Quinine used against Malaria1847 James Simpson uses Chloroform as an anaesthetic.
1828 Royal Free founded by William Marsden
1848 First public Health Act
1851 Royal Marsden Cancer Hospital
1852 Children`s Hospital in Great Ormand Street.
1854 Chadwicks board was closed down.
1855 Board of Health re set up with John Simon as its head
1859 First Official list of Doctors.
1864 Pasteur proves disease ass. with bacteria.
1864 Factory act to guard against unhealthy conditions and ventilation
1866 Sanitary Act to stop landlords overcrowding and to remove health hazards.
1875 Councils have to provide provisions for water, sewage and disposal.
1875 Public Health Act II allowed councils to pull down slums. Inspect food, Towns had to have Health and Sanitary Officers.
1882 Koch finds T.B vaccine and Cholera.
1885 Amyl Nitrate used for heart disease - angina
1895 Aspirin replaces opium as main pain killer.
1898 Barbitine used as sedative - the first barbiturate
1899 Aspirin used in shops.
1902 Midwives registered to receive special training.
1910 Ehrlich discovers Salvarsen
1911 Vitamins proved to be in food.
1911-12 Banting and Best discover Insulin
1928 Flemming and Penicillin
1938 M&B 69s (May and Baker the British firm that produced it). It helps combat pneumonia, boils, meningitis scarlet fever and leprosy.
1942 U.S.A mass produce Penicillin

Philip Aarons & Martin Collins 1998
@ British School of Osteopathy, 1998